@article {386,
	title = {Divergence In Proteins, Mitochondrial-Dna, And Reproductive Compatibility Across The Isthmus Of Panama},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {260},
	number = {5114},
	year = {1993},
	note = {0036-8075},
	month = {Jun 11},
	pages = {1629-1632},
	abstract = {It is widely believed that gene flow connected many shallow water populations of the Caribbean and eastern Pacific until the Panama seaway closed 3.0 to 3.5 million years ago. Measurements of biochemical and reproductive divergence for seven closely related, transisthmian pairs of snapping shrimps (Alpheus) indicate, however, that isolation was staggered rather than simultaneous. The four least divergent pairs provide the best estimate for rates of molecular divergence and speciation. Ecological, genetic, and geological data suggest that gene flow was disrupted for the remaining three pairs by environmental change several million years before the land barrier was complete.},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LG17600023},
	author = {Knowlton, N. and Weigt, L. A. and Solorzano, L. A. and Mills, D. K. and Bermingham, E.}
}
@article {343,
	title = {New dates and new rates for divergence across the Isthmus of Panama},
	journal = {Proceedings Of The Royal Society Of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {265},
	number = {1412},
	year = {1998},
	note = {0962-8452},
	month = {Dec 7},
	pages = {2257-2263},
	abstract = {Sister species separated by the Isthmus of Panama have been widely used to estimate rates of molecular evolution. These estimates are based on the assumption that geographic isolation occurred nearly simultaneously for most taxa, when connections between the Caribbean and eastern Pacific closed approximately three million years ago. Here we show that this assumption is invalid for the only genus for which many taxa and multiple genetic markers have been analysed. Patterns of divergence exhibited by allozymes and the mitochondrial COI gene are highly concordant for 15 pairs of snapping shrimp in the genus Alpheus, indicating that they provide a reasonable basis for estimating time since cessation of gene flow The extent of genetic divergence between pairs of sister species varied over fourfold. Sister species from mangrove environments showed the least divergence, as would be expected if these were among the last habitats to be divided. Using this pair yields a rate of sequence divergence of 1.4\% per one million years, with implied times of separation for the 15 pairs of 3-18 million years ago. Many past studies may have overestimated rates of molecular evolution because they sampled pairs that were separated well before final closure of the Isthmus.},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000077597600003},
	author = {Knowlton, N. and Weigt, L. A.}
}
@article {379,
	title = {Evidence for three major clades within the snapping shrimp genus Alpheus inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequence data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Article.1055-7903English},
	month = {September},
	pages = {375-389},
	abstract = {The snapping shrimp genus Alpheus is among the most diverse of caridean shrimps, and analyses of taxa separated by the Isthmus of Panama have been used to estimate rates of molecular evolution. Although seven morphological groups have been informally suggested, no formal phylogenetic analysis of the genus has been previously attempted. Here we infer the phylogenetic relationships within Alpheus using sequence data from two nuclear genes, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and elongation factor-1alpha, and from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I. Three major clades corresponding to previously noted morphological features were identified. Discrepancies between earlier informal morphological groupings and molecular analyses largely consisted of species whose morphologies were not entirely typical of the group to which they had been assigned. The traditional placements of shrimp with highly sessile lifestyles and consequently simplified morphologies were also not supported by molecular analyses. Phylogenies for Alpheus suggest that specialized ecological requirements (e.g., symbiotic associations and estuarine habitats) and modified claw morphologies have evolved independently several times. These new analyses also support the sister species status of transisthmian pairs analyzed previously, although very similar pairs were not always resolved with the more slowly evolving nuclear loci. In addition, six new cryptic species were identified in the course of these studies plus a seventh whose status remains to be determined.},
	keywords = {Alpheus [snapping shrimp] (Malacostraca), Alpheus sp. (Malacostraca), Animalia, animals, Arthropoda, Arthropods, clades, claw: morphology, Coenzymes [10802], Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Crustaceans, Enzymes/General and Comparative Studies, Evolution [01500], Evolution and Adaptation, General and Systematic Zoology/Arthropoda-Crustacea [63554], General Biology/Taxonomy, Genetics and Cytogenetics/Animal [03506], Genetics and Cytogenetics/General [03502], glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC 5.3.1.9], Invertebrata, Invertebrates, Malacostraca [75112], Malacostraca: Crustacea, mitochondrial gene: sequence data, molecular evolution: rates, Molecular Genetics (Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics), Nomenclature and Terminology [00504], nuclear gene: sequence data, phylogenetic relationships, Physiology and Pathology/Arthropoda-Crustacea [64054], Systematics and Taxonomy, Thunor (Malacostraca)},
	author = {Williams, S. T. and Knowlton, N. and Weigt, L. A. and Jara, J. A.}
}
@article {632,
	title = {Alpheid Shrimp Database},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February 2009},
	publisher = {Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute},
	url = {http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/alpheus/HomeAlpheus.html},
	author = {Knowlton, N. and Anker, A. and Jara, J}
}
@article {311,
	title = {Revision of the Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1878 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae), with revalidation of A. vanderbilti Boone, 1930},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1943},
	number = {1943},
	year = {2008},
	note = {1175-5326},
	pages = {53-68},
	abstract = {Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1878, previously believed to be widely distributed in the tropical eastern Pacific and western and eastern Atlantic, is revised. Two species are recognized based on morphology, color pattern and genetics. Alpheus cylindricus is restricted to the tropical eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos. A neotype of A. cylindricus from the type locality, Las Perlas Islands, is designated. On the Pacific coast of Panama, this species commonly inhabits purple sponges growing among or under large intertidal rocks. Alpheus vanderbilti Boone, 1930 is formally resurrected from the synonymy of A. cylindricus; it occurs in the tropical western Atlantic, from Bermuda to Brazil, and in the tropical eastern Atlantic, around the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. In the Caribbean, A. vanderbilti is most often encountered in large loggerhead sponges, Spheciospongia vesparia (Lamarck, 1814), while in the Gulf of Guinea it inhabits sponge-lined tunnels in coral rocks. Complete synonymies and GenBank barcodes (COI) are provided. Phylogeography of the A. cylindricus complex is discussed based on molecular data.},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000261454000004},
	author = {Anker, A. and Hurt, C. and Jara, J. A. and Knowlton, N.}
}
