@article {344,
	title = {Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Article.0014-3820English},
	month = {April},
	pages = {503-516},
	abstract = {As the most extreme expression of apparent altruism in nature, eusociality has long posed a central paradox for behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Because eusociality has arisen rarely among animals, understanding the selective pressures important in early stages of its evolution remains elusive. Employing a historical approach to this problem, we used morphology and DNA sequences to reconstruct the phylogeny of 13 species of sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus) with colony organization ranging from asocial pair-bonding through eusociality. We then used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test whether sociality was associated with evidence of enhanced competitive ability, as suggested by hypotheses invoking an advantage of cooperation in crowded habitats. The molecular, morphological, and combined data each strongly supported three independent origins of monogynous, multigenerational (eusocial) colony organization within this genus. Phylogenetically independent contrasts confirmed that highly social taxa, with strong reproductive skew, have significantly higher relative abundance within the host sponge than do less social taxa, a result that was robust to uncertainty in tree topology and varying models of character change. A similar tendency for highly social species to share their sponge with fewer congener species was suggestive, but not significant. Because unoccupied habitat appears to be limiting for many sponge-dwelling shrimp species, these data are consistent with hypotheses that cooperative social groups enjoy a competitive advantage over less organized groups or individuals, where independent establishment is difficult, and that enemy pressure is of central importance in the evolution of animal sociality.},
	keywords = {[01500] Evolution, [07003] Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, [07502] Ecology: environmental biology - General and methods, [64054] Invertebrata:comparative, [75112] Malacostraca, altruism, Animalia, Arthropoda, Arthropods, asocial pair-bonding, Behavior, colony organization: monogynous, Crustacea, Crustaceans, dna, eusociality, Evolution and Adaptation, experimental morphology, Invertebrata, Invertebrates, Malacostraca: Animals, Morphology, multigenerational, multiple origins, phylogeny, physiology and pathology - Arthropoda: crustacea, social evolution, Synalpheus [Malacostraca]},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/kristinhultgren/Desktop/Papers/Duffy_Morrison_Rios_2000.pdf},
	author = {Duffy, J. E. and Morrison, C. L. and Rios, Ruben}
}
@article {391,
	title = {Description of Synalpheus williamsi, a new species of sponge-dwelling shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae), with remarks on its first larval stage},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Article.0006-324XEnglish},
	month = {Sept. 17},
	pages = {541-552},
	abstract = {A new species of Synalpheus is described based on specimens collected from sponges in Belize and the Atlantic coast of Panama. The new species, S. williamsi, is most similar morphologically to S. goodei Coutiere, but the two species are consistently different in several morphological and larval features, and occupy distinct species of sponges. The shape of the major chela and of the uropodal exopods are the most reliable morphological characters that distinguish the two species. The first larval stage, a zoea I, was obtained from an ovigerous female of the new species. The zoea I is similar to that of S. neomeris (De Man), S. triunguiculatus (Paulson), S. tumidomanus (Paulson), and S. scaphoceris Coutiere, in lacking pleopods and chelae, but can be distinguished by the presence of an acute projection on the pterygostomian corner.},
	keywords = {[75112] Malacostraca, Alpheidae: Decapoda [Malacostraca], Animalia, Arthropoda, Arthropoda: crustacea, Crustacea, Decapoda [Malacostraca], Invertebrata},
	author = {Rios, Ruben and Duffy, J. E.}
}
@article {406,
	title = {Colony structure of the social snapping shrimp Synalpheus filidigitus in Belize},
	journal = {Journal Of Crustacean Biology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Article.0278-0372English},
	month = {May},
	pages = {283-292},
	abstract = {Several species of sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimps (Synalpheus) exhibit unusual colony organizations reminiscent of those found in social insects, but few of these shrimp species have been studied in detail. We sampled colonies of S. filidigitus from its two main hosts, the sponges Oceanapia sp. and Xestospongia spp., at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Colonies contained all size classes of shrimp, from recent hatchlings to mature, brooding females. The majority of colonies consisted of <30 individuals, although a few reached much greater numbers (maximum = 94 in Oceanapia and 121 in Xestospongia). In all but one of the colonies sampled containing mature female(s), only a single female (the "queen") was present. Distinct cohorts of juveniles, apparently produced by the resident female, were recognizable in several colonies, and the total number of individuals in the colony was strongly correlated with the resident female s size and fecundity. These observations suggest that, as previously shown for the eusocial S. regalis, the colony is a close-kin group consisting mainly of the queen s philopatric offspring. Comparison of females from a range in colony sizes revealed an apparent ontogenetic transformation in the queen s morphology. Although smaller (presumably younger) females were morphologically similar to males, queens from larger colonies were considerably larger than males, had proportionally longer and wider abdomens, and had the massive major chela of the first pereiopod replaced with a small chela identical to the normal minor first chela. Colonies of S. filidigitus are similar in organization to those of S. regalis, suggesting that S. filidigitus may be eusocial according to the traditional definition. This brings to 3 the number of species of Synalpheus reported to exhibit this paradoxical social organization.},
	keywords = {[00532] General biology - Miscellaneous, [07003] Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, [07502] Ecology: environmental biology - General and methods, [11102] Anatomy and Histology - Gross anatomy, [16501] Reproductive system - General and methods, [39000] Porifera, [64054] Invertebrata:comparative, [75112] Malacostraca, Animalia, Arthropoda, Arthropods, Behavior, body size, colony structure, Crustacea, Crustaceans, Ecology: Environmental Sciences, eusociality, experimental morphology, fecundity, female, Invertebrata, Invertebrates, juvenile, Malacostraca: Animals, male [Malacostraca], Oceanapia sp.: sponge [Porifera], physiology and pathology - Arthropoda: crustacea, Porifera: Animals, social organization, Synalpheus filidigitus: snapping shrimp, Xestospongia spp.: sponge [Porifera]},
	author = {Duffy, J. E. and Macdonald, Kenneth S.}
}
@article {354,
	title = {Local adaptation in host use among marine invertebrates},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Article1461-023XEnglish},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {448-459},
	abstract = {The study of interactions between small invertebrates and their larger plant and animal hosts has a long tradition. One persistent theme within this literature is that spatially-segregated populations of terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates commonly adapt to local hosts across their geographic ranges. Marine examples are rare, which leaves the impression that marine populations are less likely to adapt to locally abundant hosts and more likely to evolve generalized or phenotypically-plastic strategies. Here, I review a short but growing list of marine invertebrates that appear to display local adaptation in host use. As expected, most of the marine examples are brooded animals with weak dispersal potential. However, some species with pelagically dispersed larvae have apparently adapted to local hosts. This surprising result is consistent with recent evidence that pelagically-dispersed larvae are not always broadly dispersed, that strong selective pressures maintain local differences in host use, or both. The presence of host-mediated adaptation in the sea alters predictions on how marine communities respond to disturbance, supports the notion that marine consumer-prey interactions can coevolve, and indicates that hosts play fundamental roles in the differentiation and perhaps speciation of small marine invertebrates.},
	keywords = {[07506] Ecology: environmental biology - Plant, [07508] Ecology: environmental biology - Animal, [07512] Ecology: environmental biology - Oceanography, [11000] Plantae, [25502] Development and Embryology - General and descriptive, [33000] Animalia, [34000] Invertebrata, [37001] Public health - General and miscellaneous, [61200] Gastropoda, [64001] Invertebrata: comparative, [64026] Invertebrata: comparative, [64030] Invertebrata: comparative, [64054] Invertebrata:comparative, [65500] Polychaeta, [75112] Malacostraca, Ampithoe longimana: species, animal: common [Animalia], Animalia, Animalia: Animal, Annelida, Annelids, Arthropoda, Arthropods, coevolution, Crustacea, Crustaceans, Elysia viridis: species, Environmental Sciences, Eogammarus confervicolus: species, experimental morphology, Gastropoda: Animals, geographic variation, host-mediated adaptation, Invertebrata, Invertebrata: Animals, Invertebrate, Invertebrates, larva [Gastropoda], larva [Malacostraca], larva [Polychaeta], larval dispersal, Libinia dubia: species, local adaptation, Malacostraca: Animals, Marine Ecology: Ecology, marine invertebrate: common [Invertebrata], Mollusca, Mollusk, Nucella canaliculata: species, physiology and pathology - Annelida, physiology and pathology - Arthropoda: crustacea, physiology and pathology - General, physiology and pathology - Mollusca, Pinnotheres novaezelandiae: species, plant: common [Plantae], Plantae, Plantae: Plant, Polychaeta: Animals, Population Studies, Spirobis borealis: species, Synalpheus brooksi: species},
	author = {Sotka, Erik E.}
}
