03287nas a2200493   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260001000189300001200199490000700211520175700218653002201975653004901997653006502046653003702111653002502148653001302173653001302186653001502199653001502214653002502229653001302254653003602267653001402303653001602317653000802333653001602341653002902357653002802386653001702414653001802431653002602449653001502475653002202490653002102512653001402533653005302547653002102600653003002621100001802651700002102669700001602690856008702706       2000                        eng d00aMultiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)0 aMultiple origins of eusociality among spongedwelling shrimps Syn  cApril  a503-5160 v543 aAs the most extreme expression of apparent altruism in nature, eusociality has long posed a central paradox for behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Because eusociality has arisen rarely among animals, understanding the selective pressures important in early stages of its evolution remains elusive. Employing a historical approach to this problem, we used morphology and DNA sequences to reconstruct the phylogeny of 13 species of sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus) with colony organization ranging from asocial pair-bonding through eusociality. We then used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test whether sociality was associated with evidence of enhanced competitive ability, as suggested by hypotheses invoking an advantage of cooperation in crowded habitats. The molecular, morphological, and combined data each strongly supported three independent origins of monogynous, multigenerational (eusocial) colony organization within this genus. Phylogenetically independent contrasts confirmed that highly social taxa, with strong reproductive skew, have significantly higher relative abundance within the host sponge than do less social taxa, a result that was robust to uncertainty in tree topology and varying models of character change. A similar tendency for highly social species to share their sponge with fewer congener species was suggestive, but not significant. Because unoccupied habitat appears to be limiting for many sponge-dwelling shrimp species, these data are consistent with hypotheses that cooperative social groups enjoy a competitive advantage over less organized groups or individuals, where independent establishment is difficult, and that enemy pressure is of central importance in the evolution of animal sociality.10a[01500] Evolution10a[07003] Behavioral biology - Animal behavior10a[07502] Ecology: environmental biology - General and methods10a[64054] Invertebrata:comparative10a[75112] Malacostraca10aaltruism10aAnimalia10aArthropoda10aArthropods10aasocial pair-bonding10aBehavior10acolony organization: monogynous10aCrustacea10aCrustaceans10adna10aeusociality10aEvolution and Adaptation10aexperimental morphology10aInvertebrata10aInvertebrates10aMalacostraca: Animals10aMorphology10amultigenerational10amultiple origins10aphylogeny10aphysiology and pathology - Arthropoda: crustacea10asocial evolution10aSynalpheus [Malacostraca]1 aDuffy, J., E.1 aMorrison, C., L.1 aRios, Ruben  ufile://localhost/Users/kristinhultgren/Desktop/Papers/Duffy_Morrison_Rios_2000.pdf03036nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260001000226300001200236490000700248520245500255653002302710653002302733100002102756700001302777700001802790856004602808       2004                        eng d00aPhylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Synalpheus)0 aPhylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbea  cMarch  a563-5810 v303 aA common challenge in reconstructing phylogenies involves a high frequency of short internal branches, which makes basal relationships difficult to resolve. Often it is not clear whether this pattern results from insufficient or inappropriate data, versus from a rapid evolutionary radiation. The snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus, which contains in excess of 100 species and is a prominent component of coral-reef faunas worldwide, provides an example. Its taxonomy has long been problematic due to the subtlety of diagnostic characters and apparently widespread variability within species. Here we use partial mt COI and 16S rRNA sequences and morphological characters to reconstruct relationships among 31 species in the morphologically well-defined gambarelloides species group, a putative clade of obligate sponge associates that is mostly endemic to the Caribbean and contains the only known eusocial marine animals. Analysis of the combined data produced a single tree with good support for many terminal clades and for relationships with outgroups, but poor support for branches near the base of the gambarelloides group. Most basal branches are extremely short and terminal branches are long, suggesting a relatively ancient, but rapid radiation of the gambarelloides group. This hypothesis is supported by significant departure from a null model of temporally random cladogenesis. Calibration of divergence times among gambarelloides-group species using data from three geminate pairs of Synalpheus species separated by the isthmus of Panama suggests a major radiation between apprx5 and 7 Mya, a few My before final closure of the Panamanian seaway during a period of spreading carbonate environments in the Caribbean; a second, smaller radiation occurred apprx4 Mya. This molecular evidence for a rapid radiation among Caribbean marine organisms in the late Miocene/early Pliocene is strikingly similar to patterns documented from fossil data for several other Caribbean reef-associated invertebrate taxa. The similar patterns and timing of cladogenesis evidenced by molecular and fossil data for different Caribbean and East Pacific taxa suggests that the radiation involved a wide range of organisms, and strengthens the case that poor basal resolution in the gambarelloides group of Synalpheus reflects a real evolutionary phenomenon. The rapid radiation also helps explain the historical difficulty of diagnosing species in Synalpheus.10a16S rRNA sequences10aadaptive radiation1 aMorrison, C., L.1 aRios, R.1 aDuffy, J., E.  uhttps://alpheidae.myspecies.info/node/10002605nas a2200157   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000800244300001200252490000700264520203400271100002202305700001302327700001802340856008902358       2006                        eng d00aBiodiversity, host specificity, and dominance by eusocial species among sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp on the Belize Barrier Reef0 aBiodiversity host specificity and dominance by eusocial species   cMar  a165-1780 v123 aAlpheid shrimp represent an abundant and diverse, but poorly characterized, component of the cryptic biodiversity of coral reefs worldwide. Sponge-inhabiting alpheids provide a promising model system for exploring patterns of cryptic reef biodiversity because their habitats (hosts) are discrete and qualitatively distinct units. We tabulated data from 14 years of collections at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize to quantify patterns of diversity, host specificity, and dominance among sponge-dwelling shrimp (Synalpheus), with special attention to eusocial species. From > 600 sampled sponges of 17 species, we recognized at least 36 Synalpheus shrimp species. Of these, 15 (42%) were new to science. Species accumulation curves suggest that we have sampled most of the Synalpheus diversity at Carrie Bow Cay. Diversity of sponge-dwelling Synalpheus was slightly higher in shallow water, probably because of greater habitat diversity, than in deep water. Host specificity was surprisingly high, with > 50% of all shrimp species found in only a single sponge species each, although some shrimp species used as many as six hosts. Cohabitation of individual sponges by multiple shrimp species was rarer than expected by chance, supporting previous distributional and behavioural evidence that competition for hosts is strong and moulds patterns of host association. The fauna of most well-sampled sponge species was dominated, both in numbers of individuals and in frequency of occurrence, by eusocial species. Eusocial shrimp species also inhabited a significantly greater number of sponge species than did non-social shrimp. Consequently, > 65% of shrimp in our quantitative samples belonged to the four eusocial species, and on a per-species basis, eusocial species were 17 times as abundant as non-social species. Our data suggest that the highly diverse sponge-dwelling shrimp assemblage of the Belize Barrier Reef is structured by competition, and that eusociality has allowed a small number of species to dominate the sponge resource.1 aMacdonald, K., S.1 aRios, R.1 aDuffy, J., E.  ufile://localhost/Users/kristinhultgren/Desktop/Papers/Macdonald_Rios_&Duffy_2006.pdf00438nas a2200121   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001200212490000800224100001800232700002200250856004400272       2010                        eng d00aKin structure, ecology and the evolution of social organization in shrimp: a comparative analysis0 aKin structure ecology and the evolution of social organization i  a575-5840 v2771 aDuffy, J., E.1 aMacdonald, K., S.  uhttps://alpheidae.myspecies.info/node/400519nas a2200133   4500008004100000245015100041210006900192300000900261490000900270100002200279700002100301700001800322856004500340       2009                        eng d00aThe sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Alpheidae, Synalpheus) of Discovery Bay, Jamaica, with descriptions of four new species0 aspongedwelling snapping shrimps Crustacea Decapoda Alpheidae Syn  a1-570 v21991 aMacdonald, K., S.1 aHultgren, K., M.1 aDuffy, J., E.  uhttps://alpheidae.myspecies.info/node/19